Johnson did that extensive work, which took a couple of weeks, and became known for it in the African American press after the flight. In fall 1961, as the Mercury project prepared for Glenn’s launch on the Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile, Glenn asked one of the supervisors to have “the girl,” meaning Johnson, to check the reentry calculations of the new computer on the old desktop calculators-he just was not comfortable with having his fate dependent on a machine. Right at this time, the center installed the first large IBM mainframe computer, foreshadowing an age when the job title would go away and the women would adapt to becoming computer scientists. As a result of this work, Johnson (after remarriage) became the first African American female computer to have her name on a technical paper issued by Langley. One key question was calculating the exact position over the Earth to fire the retrorockets in order to land in the center of the ocean recovery zone. Katherine Goble, as she was then known, quickly graduated into doing the trajectory computations for the capsule’s orbit and for its reentry into the Earth’s atmosphere. Five years after she came to Langley, the center became part of NASA and the home of America’s first human spaceflight project, Project Mercury. She probably would have gone on to a doctorate had the lack of future job prospects and family concerns not intervened. A brilliant mathematician, she was one of the first African American graduate students at West Virginia University. One of these women was Katherine Coleman Goble Johnson from White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, who joined the unit in 1953. Mathematician Katherine Johnson at NASA in 1966. They usually had math degrees and previously had no options in the South other than in poorly paid teaching jobs in segregated schools. The lab created a segregated unit, West Computing, for black women. In World War II, however, a labor shortage forced Langley to look beyond white women for these positions. Female mathematicians using large mechanical desk calculators did elaborate but often tedious calculating work so that male aerodynamicists could concentrate on the science. White female “computers” (then a job title) already worked for NACA at its founding center, the Langley Laboratory in Hampton, Virginia, as was true in other science and engineering organizations in the US and beyond. The book details the history of a little known group of women of color at NASA and its precursor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). Now the flight of Friendship 7 has gained new resonance because it is the dramatic climax of a very popular movie, Hidden Figures, based on the book of the same name by Margot Lee Shetterly. Glenn, who passed away in 2016, became a national hero. Glenn’s three circuits around the world at last equaled the Soviet Union’s achievement of orbiting Yuri Gagarin on April 12, 1961. Alan Shepard and Gus Grissom’s earlier Mercury flights, both achievements in their own right, had only been 15-minute suborbital hops. He became the third American and fifth person in space, but what made his mission especially important was that he was the first American to orbit the Earth. February 20 is the anniversary of John Glenn’s historic flight in the Mercury spacecraft he named Friendship 7.
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